129 résultats pour "the"

• Belief

  Belief We believe that there is coffee over there; we believe the special theory of relativity; we believe the Vice-Chancellor; and some of us believe in God. But plausibly what is fundamental is believing that something is the case - believing a proposition, as it is usually put. To believe a theory is to believe the propositions that make up the theory, to believe a person is to believe some proposition advanced by them; and to believe in God is to believe the proposition that God exists. Thus...

• Philosophy of Anthropology

  Anthropology, philosophy of Anthropology, like philosophy, is multifaceted. It studies humans' physical, social, cultural and linguistic development, as well as their material culture, from prehistoric times up to the present, in all parts of the world. Some anthropological sub-fields have strong ties with the physical and biological sciences; others identify more closely with the social sciences or humanities. Within cultural and social anthropology differing theoretical approaches disagree abo...

• al-Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din Yahya

  al-Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din Yahya (1154-91) Al-Suhrawardi, whose life spanned a period of less than forty years in the middle of the twelfth century AD, produced a series of highly assured works which established him as the founder of a new school of philosophy in the Muslim world, the school of Illuminationist philosophy (hikmat alishraq). Although arising out of the peripatetic philosophy developed by Ibn Sina, al-Suhrawardi's Illuminationist philosophy is critical of several of the positions...

• Arama, Isaac ben Moses

  Arama, Isaac ben Moses (c.1420-94) Like many of his fifteenth-century Spanish contemporaries, Arama opposed the Aristotelianism of Maimonides. His philosophical sermons and biblical commentaries attack Jewish Aristotelians on charges of subordinating revelation to reasoning, upholding an eternal universe whose necessity limits God's power, and excluding miracles and individual providence. Yet while stressing the fallibility of human reason, Arama is no fideist. An eclectic, he values reason and...

• Artistic style

  Artistic style Artistic style is a problematic notion in several ways. Sometimes the term refers to style in general, as it does in 'Good style requires good diction'. Sometimes it refers to style as a particular, as in 'Van Gogh's style' or 'the Baroque style'. In antiquity, style was a rhetorical concept referring to diction and syntax; consequently style is very often identified with the formal elements of a work of art as opposed to the content. However, the kind of subject matter an artist...

• Benjamin, Walter

  Benjamin, Walter Walter Benjamin was one of the most influential twentieth-century philosophers of culture. His work combines formal analysis of art works with social theory to generate an approach which is historical, but is far more subtle than either materialism or conventional Geistesgeschichte (cultural and stylistic chronology). The ambiguous alignment of his work between Marxism and theology has made him a challenging and often controversial figure. 1 Life and works Benjamin was born into...

• Chrysippus

  Chrysippus (c.280-c.206 BC ) The Greek philosopher Chrysippus of Soli was the third and greatest head of the Stoic school in Athens. He wrote voluminously, and in particular developed Stoic logic into a truly formidable system. His philosophy is effectively identical with 'early Stoicism'. Chrysippus was born at Soli in Cilicia (southern Turkey). He came to Athens to study philosophy, initially with the Academic sceptic Arcesilaus. By the time he transferred his allegiance to the Stoic school, i...

• Charity

  Charity Within at least some branches of Christianity, the term 'charity' has been used to mean the love mandated by Jesus. In recent theological writings, however, there has been a tendency to replace it with the Greek word agapē. There has been some disagreement in the twentieth century concerning the precise nature and functioning of Christian love, a major catalyst for debate having been Anders Nygren's book Agapē and Eros (1930-6). Numerous scholars have complained that charity does not hav...

• al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din

  al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209) Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi was one of the outstanding figures in Islamic theology. Living in the second half of the sixth century AH (twelfth century AD), he also wrote on history, grammar, rhetoric, literature, law, the natural sciences and philosophy, and composed one of the major works of Qur'anic exegesis, the only remarkable gap in his output being politics. He travelled widely in the eastern lands of Islam, often engaging in heated polemical confrontations....

• al-Sijistani, Abu Sulayman Muhammad

  al-Sijistani, Abu Sulayman Muhammad (c.932-c.1000) Al-Sijistani was one of the great figures of Baghdad in the fourth century AH (tenth century AD). He assembled around him a circle of philosophers and litterateurs who met regularly in sessions to discuss topics related to philosophy, religion and language. As a philosopher with a humanistic orientation, his concerns went beyond subjects of strictly philosophical nature. His philosophical ideas displayed Aristotelian and Neoplatonic motifs. He c...

• Aristotelianism, medieval

  Aristotelianism, medieval Although there are many possible definitions, 'medieval Aristotelianism' is here taken to mean explicit receptions of Aristotle's texts or teachings by Latin-speaking writers from about AD 500 to about AD 1450. This roundabout, material definition avoids several common mistakes. First, it does not assert that there was a unified Aristotelian doctrine across the centuries. There was no such unity, and much of the engagement with Aristotle during the Middle Ages took the...

• Buddha

  Buddha (6th-5th century B C ) The title of Buddha is usually given to the historical founder of the Buddhist religion, Siddhārtha Gautama, although it has been applied to other historical figures, Buddhist and non-Buddhist, and to many who may be mythological. The religion which he founded was enormously successful and for a long period was probably the most widespread world religion. It is sometimes argued that it is not so much a religion as a kind of philosophy. Indeed, Buddhism bears close c...

• Archytas

  Archytas (early to mid 4th century BC) Archytas of Tarentum (modern Taranto in southern Italy) was a contemporary and personal acquaintance of Plato, and the last of the famous Pythagoreans in antiquity. An ancient source (Proclus)chytas with those mathematicians 'who increased the number of theorems and progressed towards a more scientific arrangement of them' and ranks him among the predecessors of Euclid. His chief contribution in mathematics was to find a solution for the doubling of the cub...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Bentham and James Mill

  Bentham and James Mill Jeremy Bentham was born in 1748 in London; his prosperous father, a lawyer who became wealthy from property rather than the law, planned out for his son a brilliant legal career. After an early education at Westminster and Oxford he was called to the Bar in 1769. However, instead of mastering the complexities, technicalities, precedents and mysteries of the law in order to carve out a successful career, Bentham's response to such chaos and absurdity was to challenge the wh...

• Berkeley, George

  Berkeley, George George Berkeley, who was born in Ireland and who eventually became Bishop of Cloyne, is best known for three works that he published while still very young: An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision (1709), Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (1713), and in particular for A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710). In thePrinciples he argues for the striking claim that there is no external, material world; that houses, trees and the like are simply coll...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Sidgwick

  Sidgwick Unlike John Stuart Mill or Jeremy Bentham, Henry Sidgwick's is hardly a household name in intellectual circles beyond the world of professional philosophy. His standing amongst many contemporary moral philosophers as possibly the greatest nineteenthcentury writer on ethics would come as a shock to such householders, as would C.D. Broad's estimate of his book The Methods of Ethics as ‘one of the English philosophical classics' and ‘on the whole the best treatise on moral theory that has...

• Categories

  Categories Categories are hard to describe, and even harder to define. This is in part a consequence of their complicated history, and in part because category theory must grapple with vexed questions concerning the relation between linguistic or conceptual categories on the one hand, and objective reality on the other. In the mid-fourth century BC,Aristotle initiates discussion of categories as a central enterprise of philosophy. In the Categories he presents an 'ontological' scheme which cla...

• al-Sabzawari, al-Hajj Mulla Hadi

  al-Sabzawari, al-Hajj Mulla Hadi (1797/8-1873) Al-Sabzawari was the most influential nineteenth-century Iranian philosopher. His reputation rests in part on his Sharh al-manzuma, a commentary on his own Ghurar alfara'id (The Blazes of the Gems), a didactic poem (manzuma) encapsulating in a systematic fashion an exposition of the existentialist philosophy of Mulla Sadra. He was also the most sought-after teacher of philosophy in his day, and many students travelled to Sabzavar to be taught by him...

• Brentano, Franz Clemens

  Brentano, Franz Clemens (1838-1917) Brentano was a philosopher and psychologist who taught at the Universities of Würzburg and Vienna. He made significant contributions to almost every branch of philosophy, notably psychology and philosophy of mind, ontology, ethics and the philosophy of language. He also published several books on the history of philosophy, especially Aristotle, and contended that philosophy proceeds in cycles of advance and decline. He is best known for reintroducing the schol...

• Bowne, Borden Parker

  Bowne, Borden Parker (1847-1910) Bowne was one of the most influential thinkers and writers of the American personalist school of philosophy. His position is theistic and idealistic, and finds in human persons the key to meaning in the world. Knowledge comes only through personal experience, through which we understand ourselves to be enduring thinking entities with a certain degree of freedom. The uniformity of God's activity is such as to make nature intelligible to us, but our minds are never...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: J.S.Mill

  J.S.Mill ON LIBERTY John Stuart Mill's mature views on ethics and politics are to be found in On Liberty (published in 1859), Utilitarianism (1861), Considerations on Representative Government (1861) and The Subjection of Women (written in 1861–2 but published in 1869). Of these, Liberty is the centrepiece, detailing the doctrines and themes which govern most of the discussion in the other works. It is also the work by which Mill will be most remembered. He himself picked it out as ‘likely to s...

• TRACTATUS LOGICO-PHILOSOPHICUS - Ludwig Wittgenstein

  Ludwig Wittgenstein was the grandson of a Jewish land-agent and the son of a steel millionaire who had nine children by a Catholic wife, and baptized all of them into the Catholic faith. Born in Vienna in 1889, he attended the Realschule in Linz, where he was a contemporary of Adolf Hitler. At school he lost his faith, and soon after came under the influence of Schopenhauer's idealism. After studying engineering in Berlin and Manchester he went to Cambridge, where his philosophical gifts were re...

• Ariston of Chios

  Ariston of Chios (early to mid 3rd century BC) The Greek philosopher Ariston (alternatively Aristo), from the Aegean island of Chios, was an exceptionally independent-minded member of the early Stoic school. A pupil of the founder Zeno of Citium, he was among the most prominent philosophers working at Athens in the mid-third century BC. He concentrated on ethics, dismissing logic and physics as irrelevant. Like many contemporary philosophers, including Zeno, Ariston undoubtedly saw his own views...

• Artistic expression

  Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) tries to make computer systems (of various kinds) do what minds can do: interpreting a photograph as depicting a face; offering medical diagnoses; using and translating language; learning to do better next time. AI has two main aims. One is technological: to build useful tools, which can help humans in activities of various kinds, or perform the activities for them. The other is psychological: to help us understand human (and animal) minds, or...

• Art criticism

  Art criticism To criticize a work of art is to make a judgment of its overall merit or demerit and to support that judgment by reference to features it possesses. This activity is of great antiquity; we find Aristotle, for example, relating the excellence of Sophocles' Oedipus Rex to the excellence of its plot construction. Criticism became a topic in philosophy because reflection on the kinds of things said by critics generated various perplexities and in some cases encouraged a general sceptic...

• Applied ethics

  Applied ethics Applied ethics is marked out from ethics in general by its special focus on issues of practical concern. It therefore includes medical ethics, environmental ethics, and evaluation of the social implications of scientific and technological change, as well as matters of policy in such areas as health care, business or journalism. It is also concerned with professional codes and responsibilities in such areas. Typical of the issues discussed are abortion, euthanasia, personal relatio...

• Asceticism

  Asceticism The term 'asceticism' is derived from the Greek word, askēsis, which referred originally to the sort of exercise, practice or training in which athletes engage. Asceticism may be characterized as a voluntary, sustained and systematic programme of self-discipline and self-denial in which immediate sensual gratifications are renounced in order to attain some valued spiritual or mental state. Ascetic practices are to be found in all the major religious traditions of the world, yet they h...

• Alighieri, Dante

  Alighieri, Dante (1265-1321) 'radical Aristotelians', such as Boethius of Dacia and Aubry of Reims (see Averroism). These Parisian masters claimed that philosophy is autonomous and should not be subordinated to any other discipline, in particular not to theology, because it provides humans with all the knowledge required for obtaining happiness. Since humans are essentially rational animals, they fully realize their capacities if they dedicate themselves to the most rational activity, philosophy...

• Article sur "The Son"

  THE SON (FLORIAN ZELLER) Le film 2022 de Florian Zeller, The Son, est un chef-d'œuvre cinématographique qui mérite d'être vu et apprécié par tous les cinéphiles. Ce drame poignant explore les relations familiales complexes et les épreuves que chaque membre doit surmonter pour trouver la paix intérieure. The Son est un film acclamé par la critique depuis sa sortie en 2022. Le scénario est également écrit par le réalisateur Florian Zeller, connu pour son travail sur la pièce de théâtre "Fath...

• Kant's Moral Philosophy

  Just as the first Critique set out critically the synthetic a priori principles of theoretical reason, the Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785) set out critically the synthetic a priori principles of practical reason. This is a brief and eloquent presentation of Kant's moral system. In morals, Kant's starting point is that the only thing which is good without qualification is a good will. Talents, character, self-control, and fortune can be used to bad ends; even happiness can be corrup...

• Antiphon

  Antiphon (late 5th century BC) Antiphon was a Greek Sophist. His most famous work, On Truth, partially survives in two substantial papyrus fragments, plus a number of purported quotations. It sets up a bold antithesis between the claims of physis (nature) and nomos (law/convention), arguing that it is more advantageous to follow nature when one can do so without detection. The antithesis suggests several important questions about the meaning of 'nature' and its role in ethics, the origin of soci...

• Antiochus

  Antiochus (c.130-68 BC) For most of his career the Greek philosopher Antiochus of Ascalon, a pupil of Philo of Larissa, was an orthodox ‘sceptical' Academic. He then changed his philosophy: some called him a Stoic, but he himself claimed to be returning to the Old Academy of Plato and his immediate successors. He took a generous view of his new home, urging that the Peripatetics and the Stoics were not new schools of thought but mere modifications of Platonism, and the philosophical position whi...

• Aquinas, Thomas

  Aquinas, Thomas (1224/6-74) Aquinas lived an active, demanding academic and ecclesiastical life that ended while he was still in his forties. He nonetheless produced many works, varying in length from a few pages to a few volumes. Because his writings grew out of his activities as a teacher in the Dominican order and a member of the theology faculty of the University of Paris, most are concerned with what he and his contemporaries thought of as theology. However, much of academic theology in the...

• Areté

  Aretē A pivotal term of ancient Greek ethics, aretē is conventionally translated 'virtue', but is more properly 'goodness' - the quality of being a good human being. Philosophy came, largely through Plato, to recognize four cardinal aretai: wisdom (phronēsis), moderation (sōphrosynē), courage (andreia) and justice (dikaiosynē). Others, considered either coordinate with these or their sub-species, included piety, liberality and magnanimity. The term generated many controversies. For example, is a...

• Animal language and thought

  Animal language and thought The question of animal language and thought has been debated since ancient times. Some have held that humans are exceptional in these respects, others that humans and animals are continuous with respect to language and thought. The issue is important because our self-image as a species is at stake. Arguments for human exceptionalism can be classified as Cartesian, Wittgensteinian and behaviourist. What these arguments have in common is the view that language and thoug...

• the stolen generation

  THÈME: the stolen generation PÉRIODE ÉTUDIÉ: 1909-1969 -> sg happening Impacts after 1969-Today INTRO: The forcible removal of Australian Indigenous children from their families during the 1900’s became official government policy (1909, the Aborigines Protection Act; 1911, the Aborigines Act and The Northern Territory Aboriginals Ordinance) until 1969 (all states repealed the legislation allowing for the removal of Aboriginal children under the policy of “protection”); the children who...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: ABELARD AND HÉLoÏsE

  ABELARD AND HÉLoÏsE Peter Abelard was just thirty years old when Anselm died. Born into a knightly family in Brittany in 1079, he was educated at Tours and went to Paris in about 1100 to join the school attached to the Cathedral of Notre Dame, run by William of Champeaux. Falling out with his teacher, he went to Melun to found a school of his own, and later set up a rival school in Paris on Mont Ste Geneviève. From 1113 he was William's successor at Notre Dame. While teaching there he took lodgi...

• Anomalous monism

  Anomalous monism Anomalous monism, proposed by Donald Davidson in 1970, implies that all events are of one fundamental kind, namely physical. But it does not deny that there are mental events; rather, it implies that every mental event is some physical event or other. The idea is that someone's thinking at a certain time that the earth is round, for example, might be a certain pattern of neural firing in their brain at that time, an event which is both a thinking that the earth is round (a type...

• Axiom of choice

  Axiom of choice The axiom of choice is a mathematical postulate about sets: for each family of non-empty sets, there exists a function selecting one member from each set in the family. If those sets have no member in common, it postulates that there is a set having exactly one element in common with each set in the family. First formulated in 1904, the axiom of choice was highly controversial among mathematicians and philosophers, because it epitomized 'non-constructive' mathematics. Nevertheles...

• Brexit the Uncivil War

  Explore how the film comments on British identity and nationalism in the context of the Brexit movement ? The film "Brexit: The Uncivil War", directed by Toby Haynes and starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Dominic Cummings, delves into the strategies and chaos behind the Brexit campaign. Beyond its focus on political strategy, the film also offers a subtle commentary on British identity and nationalism, reflecting the complex emotions and divisions stirred by the Brexit movement. 1. Fragment...

• The madness of laicity

  BEHIND CLOSED DOORS: The madness of Laïcité In France, we have this saying which can be roughly translated as: "Do what you want, as long as you do it behind closed doors". At first sight it is nothing special, but I remember that as a child it had a huge impact on me. Why was that? What happens behind closed doors can only be referring to two taboos: sex, or worse... religion. When I was a child, this connection seemed strange to me, but it is especially when I grew up that I tried to u...

• The Buddha of suburbia

  Chapter 11: Rehearsals for Pyke'splay begin in the spring. Karim is one of three men and three women in the cast. The other two men are solid, cynical actors; there's one black woman, Tracey; and a beautiful redheaded actress named Eleanor. Louise, the writer, also attends rehearsals. Karim notes that he's never been more enthusiastic about anything in his life. Pyke begins every morning with breakfast and shockingly cruel gossip. After lunch, the cast plays games where they touch each oth...

• The Handmaid's Tale - Censorship

  STATION 1 GENERAL INFORMATION AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT Watch the video entitled “Censorship in the USA (Censored EP 104)” by Octopie STATION 2 BANNED BOOKS WEEK STATION 3 THE HAYES CODES STATION 4 CHALLENGES TO THE BOOK 1990 In the Cotati-Rohnert Park Unified School district of California, The Handmaid’s Tale was challenged as a reading assignment by a twelfth-grade English student’s parent for supposedly containing ‘sexually explicit’ passages. The parent underlined the pas...

• the late Queen Elizabeth - Kholle

  Kholle 6 Introduction In 1953 the late Queen Elizabeth was corronated and a few weeks earlier her son Prince Charles was corronated too and became the king Charles. In fact this video that I watched was publish for the people to know. It is about the coronation of the new king of England Resumé At first -> King Charles and Queen Camilia of Consort -> Buckingam Palace for Westminster Abbey Once the king and queen arrive -> coronation venue the ceremony could begin. There were 20...

• Press freedom in the world

  The infographic below is entitled Press Freedom in The World. It represents 3 types of balance sheet from “reporters without borders” which is a worldrenowned organization meaning that the information is reliable. Released in 2019, the subject tackled is obviously the issue of press freedom in the world but mainly the number of journalists who have been killed from 2010 to 2019 all around the world. The document is divided in 3 different parts: the first part is dealing with the number of j...

• PROPAGANDA IN THE NAZI’S GERMANY

  PROPAGANDA IN THE NAZI’S GERMANY Propaganda: information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view When was propaganda created? Hitler and Goebbels did not invent propaganda. The word itself was coined by the Catholic Church to describe its efforts to discredit Protestant teachings in the 1600s. Context People wanted revenge because they were still eager about their lost in the 1st world war and about the terms of the treaty o...

• SEQUENCE 2 ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE THEME KNOWLEDGE/CREATION/INNOVATION AXIS/FOCUS PRODUCING & SHARING KNOWLEDGE POSSIBLE ISSUES

  SEQUENCE 2 ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE THEME KNOWLEDGE/CREATION/INNOVATION AXIS/FOCUS PRODUCING & SHARING KNOWLEDGE POSSIBLE ISSUES DO YOUNG PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD HAVE EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THEIR STUDYING EXPERIENCE? ARE ALL STUDENTS EQUAL ABOUT SHARING KNOWLEDGE? WHAT ROLE DOES GENDER INEQUALITY PLAY IN EDUCATION? WARM UP ACTIVITY QUIZ ON EDUCATION IN INDIA, SOUTH AFRICA AND NIGERIA OR BRAINSTORMING? ACTIVITY 1 FILL IN THE GRID WITH YOUR FINDINGS INDIA SOUITH AFRICA NIGERIA...

• Animals and ethics

  Animals and ethics Does morality require that we respect the lives and interests of nonhuman animals? The traditional doctrine was that animals were made for human use, and so we may dispose of them as we please. It has been argued, however, that this is a mere ‘speciesist' prejudice and that animals should be given more or less the same moral consideration as humans. If this is right, we may be morally required to be vegetarians; and it may turn out that laboratory research using animals, and m...

• Présentation de l’artiste Tyler the creator

  Tyler, The Creator est un rappeur, producteur de musique et réalisateur américain. Il est surtout connu pour son style de rap innovant et son influence sur la scène du hip-hop underground. Il a commencé sa carrière musicale en 2007 en tant que membre du collectif de rap Odd Future. Son premier album solo, "Goblin", est sorti en 2011, et il a depuis sorti plusieurs autres albums acclamés par la critique, notamment "Wolf", "Cherry Bomb" et "Flower Boy". Tyler, The Creator est également conn...

• Seas and oceans in the maritimization

  Seas and oceans This document is a picture of a container ship in the port of Seattle which is situated in Washington. The Seattle port is a global container port traffic. In fact, North America represented 8% of this traffic in the world, it is the maritimization, a process leading to increase exploitation of resources of seas and oceans and the boom in trade by sea. On the picture, we can see on the foreground the largest port of Seattle with many containers. Those containers can ele...