exposé en anglais : Nelson Mandela

« INTRODUCTION Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in the Union of South Africa. He is known for being a politician at the helm of the fight against apartheid, which led him to the presidency of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

His life revolved around the fight against racial segregation.

What are Nelson Mandela's challenges and struggles? In the rest of our study we will answer this question. I-WHO IS NELSON MANDELA 1-Biography Nelson Rolihlala Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in the village of Mvezo, on the banks of the Mbashe River, about fifty kilometers from the city of Mthatha, capital of Transkei, in the province of the current Eastern Cape in South Africa.

His first name, Rolihlahla, means "to remove a branch from a tree" or, more familiarly, "troublemaker".

He comes from a royal Thembu family of the Xhosa ethnic group that reigns over part of the Transkei.

Indeed, his paternal great-grandfather is Inkosi Enkhulu, that is to say king of the Thembu people.

Rolihlahla's grandfather is one of the sons of this king.

Ineligible to succeed to the throne, he bears the name Mandela which will become the name of the family. 2-Bibliography Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (pronounced in Xhosa, whose tribal clan name is "Madiba", born July 18, 1918 in Mvezo (Cape Province) and died December 5, 2013 in Johannesburg (Gauteng), is a South African statesman.

He was one of the historic leaders of the fight against the institutional political system of racial segregation (apartheid) before becoming President of the Republic of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, following the first non-segregationist national elections in the country's history. Nelson Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 19434, in order to fight against the political domination of the white minority and the racial segregation imposed by it.

Having become a lawyer, he 1 participated in the non-violent struggle against the laws of apartheid, put in place by the National Party government from 1948.

The ANC was banned in 1960 and, as the peaceful struggle yielded no tangible results, Mandela founded and led the ANC's military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, in 1961, which waged a campaign of sabotage against government and military installations.

On 5 August 1962, he was arrested by the South African police on the advice of the CIA and sentenced to life in prison and hard labour at the Rivonia Trial.

From then on, he became a symbol of the struggle for racial equality and enjoyed growing international support. After twenty-seven years of imprisonment in often difficult conditions and after refusing to be released in order to remain consistent with his beliefs, Mandela was released on 11 February 1990.

Inspired by the ubuntu thinking in which he was raised, he supported reconciliation and negotiation with the government of President Frederik de Klerk.

In 1993, he received the Nobel Peace Prize with the latter for having jointly and peacefully put an end to the apartheid regime and laid the foundations of a new democratic South Africa.

After a difficult transition in which Frederik De Klerk and he avoided a civil war between the supporters of apartheid, those of the ANC and those of the Zulu-dominated Inkhata, Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa in 1994. He pursued a policy of national reconciliation between blacks and whites; he fought against economic inequality, but neglected the fight against AIDS, which was booming in South Africa.

After a single term, he retired from active politics, but continued to publicly support the African National Congress while condemning its excesses. Subsequently involved in several associations fighting poverty or AIDS, he remains a world-renowned figure in defense of human rights.

He is hailed as the father of a multi-ethnic and fully democratic South Africa, described as a "rainbow nation", even if the country suffers from economic inequality, social tensions and community withdrawal. II-NELSON MANDELA’S CHALLENGES 1-Human Rights Defenders Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela, one of the most well-known symbols of the struggle for human rights of our time, is a man whose dedication to the freedom of 2 his people has inspired human rights defenders around the world.

Born in Transkei, South Africa, the son of a tribal chief, Mandela received a university degree and a law degree.

In 1944, he joined the African National Congress (ANC) and actively worked to abolish the ruling party’s apartheid policy.

On trial for his actions, Mandela declared: “I have fought against white domination and I have fought against black domination.

I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all people live together in harmony and with equal opportunities.

It is an ideal for which I wish to live and which I hope to fulfil.” But if necessary, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” Sentenced to life imprisonment, Mandela became a symbol of the growing resistance to apartheid, repeatedly refusing to compromise his political position to secure his freedom.

Finally released in February 1990, he intensified his fight against oppression to achieve the goals he and others had set for themselves nearly four decades earlier.

In May 1994, Mandela became South Africa’s first black president, a position he held until 1999.

He led the transition from apartheid, where power was in the hands of a minority, to democracy, earning international respect for his policies of national and international reconciliation.

His dedication to freedom and equality was internationally recognized on his ninetieth birthday in 2008. 2-President of the Republic of South Africa Following the first multiracial general elections, largely won by the ANC (62.6% of the vote), in April 1994, Nelson Mandela was elected President of the Republic of South Africa.

In a speech on May 2, he pronounced Martin Luther King's "free at last".

Nelson Mandela took the oath of office at the Union Buildings in Pretoria on May 10, 1994 in front of a large number of international political leaders, from Al Gore to Fidel Castro.

He presided over the country's first non-racial government, in this case a government of national unity between the ANC, the National Party and the Zulu Inkatha Freedom Party.

His two vice-presidents were then Thabo Mbeki (ANC) and Frederik de Klerk (NP).

In his inaugural address, Mandela celebrated the end of apartheid from which "a society must emerge of which all humanity will be proud", the return of South Africa to the international community and the common love of the country and racial equality would be the cement of the new "rainbow nation at peace with itself and with the world".

He spoke of the challenges of his 3 mandate which were the fight against poverty, discrimination and "that there is no easy path to freedom".

The date of April 27 became a public holiday in South Africa, Freedom Day III-NELSON MANDELA'S STRUGGLES 1.

Fight against apartheid It was in 1943 that Nelson Mandela joined the African National Congress.

The ANC then experienced a new vigor under the leadership of Alfred Xuma.

It was the same year that Mandela married Evelyn Ntoko Mase (1922-2004).

In 1945, Xuma introduced for the first time the demand for universal non-racial suffrage (one man one vote) in the movement's demands, a major development in that the party's community demands moved from the simple fight against racial discrimination to a broader struggle for political power.

He had to take into account the growing influence of the very young and radical ANC Youth League led by Anton Lembede, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo, which Mandela joined, and which incited mass actions in order to fight against the political domination of the white minority and against racial segregation, the legal provisions of which were then in the process of being standardized across all four South African provinces.

Since the founding of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the country had experienced an inflation of segregationist or discriminatory legislation. From 1913 to 1942, a series of laws prohibited blacks from owning land outside the existing native "reserves" which represented 7% of the total area of the Union of South Africa, leading to the expropriation of many independent black peasants and the creation of an agricultural proletariat, then introduced residential segregation allowing municipalities to create neighborhoods reserved for blacks and to limit their urbanization and then removed blacks from the common electoral rolls of the Cape Province.

A law then enlarged the existing native reserves from 7 to 13% of the country's surface area, at the same time removing black residents of the Cape from the right to buy land outside the reserves.

In 1942, following several speeches hostile.... »